The 1st Assignment (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Subject-Verb Agreement, Pronoun)

SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, SIMPLE PAST, PAST CONTINUOUS, SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT, AND PRONOUN

Wa Ode Siti Hawani

(29213185)

3EB22

FAKULTAS EKONOMI JURUSAN AKUNTANSI

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2016

1. SIMPLE PRESENT

Definition

            The simple present is one of the verb forms associated with the present tense in modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense, although it also encodes certain information about aspect in addition to present time. It is called "simple" because its basic form consists of a single word (like write or writes), in contrast with other present tense forms such as the present progressive (is writing) and present perfect (has written). For nearly all English verbs the simple present is identical to the base form (dictionary form) of the verb, except when the subject is third-person singular, in which case the ending -(e)s is added. There are a few verbs with irregular forms, the most notable being the copula be, which has the simple present forms am, is and are.

Formula

Positive (+)	Subject + Main verb + Object	I write a letter
	Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object	He gets up early in the morning
Negative (-)	Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb + Object	I do not write a letter
	Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + Object	He does not get up early in the morning
Interrogative (?)	Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Object	Do I write a letter?
	Do/Does + Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object	Does he get up early in the morning?

The Function

§  To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes. Examples:

ü I get up early every day (habit)

ü I work in London (unchanging situation)

ü London is a large city (general truth)

§  To give instructions or directions. Examples:

ü You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

§  To express fixed arrangements, present or future. Examples:

ü Your exam starts at 09:00.

§  To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until. Examples:

ü He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

Examples

1.        Does John reach home in time?

2.        Birds do not chirp.

3.        They read lessons.

4.        He drinks water.

5.        I do not sing a song.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Definition

            The present continuous, also called the present progressive, is one of the present tenses used in modern English, the others being the simple present and the emphatic present. All of these can be employed in both the indicative and subjunctive moods.

Formula

Positive (+)	Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object	I am playing cricket
	Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object	They are reading their lessons
Negative (-)	Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object	I am not playing cricket
	Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb-ing) + Object	They are not reading their lessons
Interrogative (?)	Auxiliary verb + Subject + not + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object	Am I playing cricket?
	Am/is/are + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object	Are they reading their lessons?

The Function

§  To describe something which is happening at the exact moment of speech. Example:

ü The boy is crying.

§  To describe an action that is taking place now but not at the exact moment of speech. Example:

ü He is working in Dubai.

§  To describe an event planned in the future. Example:

ü I'm resitting my French exam on Tuesday.

§  With always but meaning often (used to emphasize the frequency of an action in a humorous or hyperbolic way). Examples:

ü My mother is always making me go to school!

ü She is always playing with that doll!

§  To describe an action that is taking place now and is subject to interruption. Example:

ü Ellen cannot come to the phone since she is sleeping.

Examples

1.        It is not raining.

2.        They are playing football.

3.        Is she riding on a horse?

4.        I am listening to the news.

5.        You are not washing your clothes.

3. SIMPLE PAST

Definition

            The simple past or past simple, sometimes called the preterite, is the basic form of the past tense in Modern English. It is used principally to describe events in the past, although it also has some other uses. Regular English verbs form the simple past in -ed; however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with different forms.

Formula

Positive (+)	Subject + Main verb (Past simple) + Object	I killed a snake
	Subject + 2nd form of verb (Past simple) + Object	He ate a mango
Negative (-)	Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb (base form) + Object	I did not kill a snake
	Subject + Did not + 1st form of verb or base form + Object	He did not eat a mango
Interrogative (?)	Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb (base verb) + Object	Did I kill a snake?
	Did + Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object	Did he eat a mango?

The Function

§  To express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Examples:

ü I saw a movie yesterday.

ü She washed her car.

§  To list a series of completed actions in the past. Example:

ü I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

§  With a duration with starts and stops in the past. Examples:

ü I lived in Brazil for two years.

ü They sat at the beach all day.

§  To describe a habit which stopped in the past. Examples:

ü I studied French when I was a child.

ü He didn’t play the piano.

§  To describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. Example:

ü People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

Examples

1.        You answered correctly.

2.        I did not make a table.

3.        Did she write a letter to him?

4.        They did not go to cinema.

5.        He gave me a gift.

4. PAST CONTINUOUS

Definition

            The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

Formula

Positive (+)	Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb (Present participle) + Object	She was crying yesterday
	Subject + was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object	They were climbing on a hill
Negative (-)	Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb (Present participle) + Object	She was not crying yesterday
	Subject + was/were + not + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object	They were not climbing on a hill
Interrogative (?)	Auxiliary verb + Subject + not + Main verb (Present participle) + Object	Was she crying yesterday?
	Was/were + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object	Were they climbing on a hill?

The Function

§  To talk about actions or situations that lasted for some time in the past, and whose duration time is unknown or unimportant. Examples:

ü She was sleeping on the couch.

ü The dog was barking.

§  Used when one action in progress is interrupted by another action in the past. Examples:

ü While Angelica was playing tennis, the plane crashed.

ü I was talking with James when the telephone rang.

§  To talk about two or more activities happening at the same. Example:

ü The family was eating the dinner and talking

§  To ask a polite question. Examples:

ü I was wondering if you could open the window.

ü I was thinking you might help me with this problem.

§  To express irritation over somebody or something in the past. Example:

ü She always coming late for dinner!

Example

1.        They were laughing at the joker.

2.        He was not taking exam last month.

3.        Were you waiting for him yesterday?

4.        Was she working in a factory?

5.        It was not raining yesterday.

5. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Definition

            Subject verb agreement refers to the fact that the subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. In other words, they both must be singular or they both must be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa. The tricky part is in knowing the singular and plural forms of subjects and verbs.

Examples

1.        My sister or my brother is meeting you at the airport.

2.        Neither Carla nor Jeff is available to meet you at the airport.

3.        She and her family are at Disney World.

4.        The athlete or his teammates sprint every day.

5.        Two of the puppies are whimpering.

6.        The birthday boy, along with his friends, is anxious for the party to stop.

7.        Mary doesn’t care for pizza.

8.        They don’t know the way home.

9.        Each of the girls is qualified for the prize.

10.    There are many paths to success.

6. PRONOUN

Definition

            In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more. Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. As mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or writing flow better.

Kind of Pronoun

1.        Personal Pronouns

     This kind of pronoun refers to a particular person or thing. The form of the personal pronoun that is appropriate to use for a specific sentence depends on the gender and number of persons or things that serve as the antecedents.

     For example, you are referring to a female subject in the sentence, the pronouns that are appropriate to use are: she, her, and hers. If you are referring to a male, you can use: he, him, and his. For a group of persons, not including yourself, the appropriate pronouns are: they, them, and theirs.

     Personal pronouns can serve as the subjects, objects of the verb or preposition, and can also show possession. They are formally classified into: subjective personal pronouns, objective personal pronouns, and possessive personal pronouns. Examples:

·         You are definitely the biggest science nerd I’ve ever met.

·         In the example above, the underlined pronoun serves as the subject.

·         Harry persuaded her to come with him.

·         You need to stop lying to me.

·         We would love for you to join us.

2.        Demonstrative Pronouns

     The function of this kind of pronoun is to point to a noun. Examples are: this, these, that, and those. The pronouns “this” and “these” points to things that are nearby while the other two are for things that are far. Aside from proximity, you must also consider the number of things you are pointing out. For singular nouns, “this” and “that” should be used, while for plural nouns “these” and “those” are appropriate. Examples:

·         That is the car that I’ll buy for my birthday.

·         The speaker is pointing out to a singular noun that is far from him/her.

·         She said she wanted these.

·         This was my mother’s ring.

·         These are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.

3.        Indefinite Pronouns

     This kind of pronoun refers to unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all, another, each, anyone, anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, few, and many. Examples:

·         Many were called for the interview but only 3 were hired.

·         He’s ready to give up everything for his family’s safety.

·         Somebody ate my sandwich!

·         Everyone says she is beautiful inside and out.

·         No one wants to hear about my health problems.

4.        Intensive Pronouns

     The function of intensive pronouns is to give emphasis to the antecedent. Examples of this kind of pronoun are: myself, itself, himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, and ourselves. Examples:

·         The president himself said that it was a terrorist attack.

·         I myself knew that it was a mistake.

·         The team knew that they themselves were responsible for playing their best.

·         Jesse wondered aloud whether he himself was the only one seeing what was happening.

·         We ourselves are the ones who make the greatest impact upon the world we live in.

5.        Interrogative Pronouns

     As the title implies, the function of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions. Examples of interrogative pronouns are: who, what, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, and whomever. Examples:

·         Who wrote the book 1984?

·         What did the doctors say?

·         Which shirt do you think looks better on me?

·         To whom are you speaking?

·         Whose socks are those?

6.        Relative Pronouns

     This kind of pronoun links one clause or phrase to another. Some of the most common relative pronouns are: who, whoever, whomever, that, and which. Examples:

·         The contestant who gets the highest score wins the million dollar jackpot.

·         He will accept whichever project comes first.

·         Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a week, is one of my family’s favorite meals.

·         The four team leaders, whomever the committee selects, will be at tomorrow’s meeting.

·         The book, when it was finally returned, was torn and stained.

7.        Reflexive Pronouns

     This kind of pronoun is used to refer back to the subject. Some of the reflexive pronouns are: yourself, myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and itself. Example:

·         Sandra never forgets to send a copy of the email to herself.

·         He promised to repair the broken fence, however, we ended up fixing it ourselves.

·         You’re going to have to drive yourself to school today.

·         The actors saved the local theatre money by making costumes themselves.

·         That car is in a class all by itself.

Referensi Sumber :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_present

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_continuous

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_past

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/simple-present-tense/

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/past-continuous-tense/

http://www.studyandexam.com/present-simple-tense.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/present-continuous-tense.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/past-simple-tense.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/past-continuous-tense.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html

http://www.englishtenses.com/tenses/past_continuous

http://www.k12reader.com/term/subject-verb-agreement/

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/pronouns-2/

http://partofspeech.org/pronoun/