SIMPLE
PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, SIMPLE PAST, PAST CONTINUOUS, SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT, AND PRONOUN
Wa Ode Siti Hawani
(29213185)
3EB22
FAKULTAS
EKONOMI JURUSAN AKUNTANSI
UNIVERSITAS
GUNADARMA
2016
1. SIMPLE PRESENT
Definition
The simple present is one
of the verb forms associated with the present tense in
modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense,
although it also encodes certain information about aspect in
addition to present time. It is called "simple" because its basic
form consists of a single word (like write or
writes), in contrast with other present tense forms such as the present progressive (is writing) and present perfect (has written). For nearly all English
verbs the simple present is identical to the base form (dictionary
form)
of the verb, except when the subject is third-person singular,
in which case the ending -(e)s is added. There are a few verbs with
irregular forms, the most notable being the copula be,
which has the simple present forms am, is and are.
Formula
Positive (+)
|
Subject
+ Main verb + Object
|
I
write a letter
|
Subject
+ 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
|
He
gets up early in the morning
|
|
Negative (-)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb + Object
|
I
do not write a letter
|
Subject
+ Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + Object
|
He
does not get up early in the morning
|
|
Interrogative (?)
|
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + Main verb + Object
|
Do
I write a letter?
|
Do/Does
+ Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object
|
Does
he get up early in the morning?
|
The
Function
§ To
express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations,
emotions and wishes. Examples:
ü I
get up early every day (habit)
ü I
work in London (unchanging situation)
ü London
is a large city (general truth)
§ To
give instructions or directions. Examples:
ü You
walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
§ To
express fixed arrangements, present or future. Examples:
ü Your
exam starts at 09:00.
§ To
express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon
as, until. Examples:
ü He'll
give it to you when you come next Saturday.
Examples
1.
Does John reach home in time?
2.
Birds do not chirp.
3.
They read lessons.
4.
He drinks water.
5.
I do not sing a song.
2.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Definition
The present continuous, also called the present
progressive, is one of the present tenses used in modern English, the others
being the simple present and
the emphatic present. All of these can be employed in both the indicative and subjunctive moods.
Formula
Positive (+)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object
|
I
am playing cricket
|
Subject
+ am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
They
are reading their lessons
|
|
Negative (-)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object
|
I
am not playing cricket
|
Subject
+ am/is/are + (1st form of verb-ing) + Object
|
They
are not reading their lessons
|
|
Interrogative (?)
|
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + not + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object
|
Am
I playing cricket?
|
Am/is/are
+ Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
Are
they reading their lessons?
|
The Function
§ To
describe something which is happening at the exact moment of speech. Example:
ü The
boy is crying.
§ To
describe an action that is taking place now but not at the exact moment of
speech. Example:
ü He
is working in Dubai.
§ To
describe an event planned in the future. Example:
ü I'm
resitting my French exam on Tuesday.
§ With always but
meaning often (used to emphasize the frequency of an action in a
humorous or hyperbolic way). Examples:
ü My
mother is always making me go to school!
ü She
is always playing with that doll!
§ To
describe an action that is taking place now and is subject to interruption.
Example:
ü Ellen
cannot come to the phone since she is sleeping.
Examples
1.
It is not raining.
2.
They are playing football.
3.
Is she riding on a horse?
4.
I am listening to the news.
5.
You are not washing your clothes.
3.
SIMPLE PAST
Definition
The simple past or past simple, sometimes
called the preterite,
is the basic form of the past
tense in Modern English.
It is used principally to describe events in the past, although it also has
some other uses. Regular English verbs form the simple past in -ed;
however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with
different forms.
Formula
Positive (+)
|
Subject
+ Main verb (Past simple) + Object
|
I
killed a snake
|
Subject
+ 2nd form of verb (Past simple) + Object
|
He
ate a mango
|
|
Negative (-)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb (base form) + Object
|
I
did not kill a snake
|
Subject
+ Did not + 1st form of verb or base form + Object
|
He
did not eat a mango
|
|
Interrogative (?)
|
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + Main verb (base verb) + Object
|
Did
I kill a snake?
|
Did
+ Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
|
Did
he eat a mango?
|
The Function
§ To
express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the
past. Examples:
ü I
saw a movie yesterday.
ü She
washed her car.
§ To
list a series of completed actions in the past. Example:
ü I
finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
§ With
a duration with starts and stops in the past. Examples:
ü I
lived in Brazil for two years.
ü They
sat at the beach all day.
§ To
describe a habit which stopped in the past. Examples:
ü I
studied French when I was a child.
ü He
didn’t play the piano.
§ To
describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. Example:
ü People
paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
Examples
1.
You answered correctly.
2.
I did not make a table.
3.
Did she write a letter to him?
4.
They did not go to cinema.
5.
He gave me a gift.
4.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Definition
The past continuous describes actions or events in a
time before now, which began in the past and is still going
on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses
an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.
Formula
Positive (+)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + Main verb (Present participle) + Object
|
She
was crying yesterday
|
Subject
+ was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
They
were climbing on a hill
|
|
Negative (-)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb (Present participle) + Object
|
She
was not crying yesterday
|
Subject
+ was/were + not + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
They
were not climbing on a hill
|
|
Interrogative (?)
|
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + not + Main verb (Present participle) + Object
|
Was
she crying yesterday?
|
Was/were
+ Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
Were
they climbing on a hill?
|
The Function
§ To
talk about actions or situations that lasted for some time in the past, and
whose duration time is unknown or unimportant. Examples:
ü She
was sleeping on the couch.
ü The
dog was barking.
§ Used
when one action in progress is interrupted by another action in the past.
Examples:
ü While
Angelica was playing tennis, the plane crashed.
ü I
was talking with James when the telephone rang.
§ To
talk about two or more activities happening at the same. Example:
ü The
family was eating the dinner and talking
§ To
ask a polite question. Examples:
ü I
was wondering if you could open the window.
ü I
was thinking you might help me with this problem.
§ To
express irritation over somebody or something in the past. Example:
ü She
always coming late for dinner!
Example
1.
They were laughing at the joker.
2.
He was not taking exam last month.
3.
Were you waiting for him yesterday?
4.
Was she working in a factory?
5.
It was not raining yesterday.
5.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Definition
Subject verb agreement refers to the fact that the
subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. In other words, they both
must be singular or they both must be plural. You can’t have a singular subject
with a plural verb or vice versa. The tricky part is in knowing the singular
and plural forms of subjects and verbs.
Examples
1.
My sister or my brother is meeting you
at the airport.
2.
Neither Carla nor Jeff is available to
meet you at the airport.
3.
She and her family are at Disney World.
4.
The athlete or his teammates sprint
every day.
5.
Two of the puppies are whimpering.
6.
The birthday boy, along with his
friends, is anxious for the party to stop.
7.
Mary doesn’t care for pizza.
8.
They don’t know the way home.
9.
Each of the girls is qualified for the
prize.
10. There
are many paths to success.
6.
PRONOUN
Definition
In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that
may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the
pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because
pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject,
direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more. Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on
repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to
mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. As mentioned, pronouns
are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about
a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or
writing flow better.
Kind of Pronoun
1.
Personal Pronouns
This
kind of pronoun refers to a particular person or thing. The form of the
personal pronoun that is appropriate to use for a specific sentence depends on
the gender and number of persons or things that serve as the antecedents.
For
example, you are referring to a female subject in the sentence, the
pronouns that are appropriate to use are: she, her, and hers. If you are
referring to a male, you can use: he, him, and his. For a group of
persons, not including yourself, the appropriate pronouns are: they, them, and
theirs.
Personal
pronouns can serve as the subjects, objects of the verb or preposition,
and can also show possession. They are formally classified into: subjective
personal pronouns, objective personal pronouns, and possessive personal
pronouns. Examples:
·
You are definitely the biggest
science nerd I’ve ever met.
·
In the example above, the underlined
pronoun serves as the subject.
·
Harry persuaded her to
come with him.
·
You need to stop lying to me.
·
We would love for you to join us.
2.
Demonstrative Pronouns
The
function of this kind of pronoun is to point to a noun. Examples are: this,
these, that, and those. The pronouns “this” and “these” points to things that
are nearby while the other two are for things that are far. Aside from
proximity, you must also consider the number of things you are pointing out.
For singular nouns, “this” and “that” should be used, while for plural nouns
“these” and “those” are appropriate. Examples:
·
That is the car that I’ll buy for my
birthday.
·
The speaker is pointing out to a
singular noun that is far from him/her.
·
She said she wanted these.
·
This was my mother’s ring.
·
These are nice shoes, but they look
uncomfortable.
3.
Indefinite Pronouns
This
kind of pronoun refers to unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all,
another, each, anyone, anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone,
somebody, few, and many. Examples:
·
Many were called for the interview
but only 3 were hired.
·
He’s ready to give up everything for
his family’s safety.
·
Somebody ate my sandwich!
·
Everyone says she is beautiful inside
and out.
·
No one wants to hear about my health
problems.
4.
Intensive Pronouns
The
function of intensive pronouns is to give emphasis to the antecedent. Examples
of this kind of pronoun are: myself, itself, himself, herself, yourself,
yourselves, themselves, and ourselves. Examples:
·
The president himself said
that it was a terrorist attack.
·
I myself knew that it was a
mistake.
·
The team knew that they themselves were
responsible for playing their best.
·
Jesse wondered aloud whether he himself
was the only one seeing what was happening.
·
We ourselves are the ones who make the
greatest impact upon the world we live in.
5.
Interrogative Pronouns
As
the title implies, the function of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions.
Examples of interrogative pronouns are: who, what, which, whom, whoever,
whatever, whichever, and whomever. Examples:
·
Who wrote the book 1984?
·
What did the doctors say?
·
Which shirt do you think looks better on
me?
·
To whom are you speaking?
·
Whose socks are those?
6.
Relative Pronouns
This
kind of pronoun links one clause or phrase to another. Some of the most common
relative pronouns are: who, whoever, whomever, that, and which. Examples:
·
The contestant who gets the
highest score wins the million dollar jackpot.
·
He will accept whichever project
comes first.
·
Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a
week, is one of my family’s favorite meals.
·
The four team leaders, whomever the
committee selects, will be at tomorrow’s meeting.
·
The book, when it was finally returned,
was torn and stained.
7.
Reflexive Pronouns
This
kind of pronoun is used to refer back to the subject. Some of the reflexive
pronouns are: yourself, myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and
itself. Example:
·
Sandra never forgets to send a copy of
the email to herself.
·
He promised to repair the broken fence,
however, we ended up fixing it ourselves.
·
You’re going to have to drive yourself
to school today.
·
The actors saved the local theatre money
by making costumes themselves.
·
That car is in a class all by itself.
Referensi
Sumber :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_present
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_continuous
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_past
http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/simple-present-tense/
http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/past-continuous-tense/
http://www.studyandexam.com/present-simple-tense.html
http://www.studyandexam.com/present-continuous-tense.html
http://www.studyandexam.com/past-simple-tense.html
http://www.studyandexam.com/past-continuous-tense.html
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html
http://www.englishtenses.com/tenses/past_continuous
http://www.k12reader.com/term/subject-verb-agreement/
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/pronouns-2/
http://partofspeech.org/pronoun/
